• Change in the ER-Exp Score [ Time Frame: Baseline, mid-point, and end-point (about 10-12 weeks). ]
  ER-Exp: Intensity and lability of negative emotion, higher scores indicate greater native emotionality
• Change Score in ER-Skill Score [ Time Frame: Baseline, ,mid-point and end-point (about 10-12 weeks) ]
  Skill at emotional regulation (Clarity and Repair). Lower scores indicate reduced skill at modulating negative emotions
• Change in HbA1c level [ Time Frame: Baseline, mid-point, and end-point (about 10-12 weeks) ]
  HbA1c levels
• Change in Diabetes Distress [ Time Frame: Baseline, mid-point, and end-point (about 10-12 weeks) ]
  Distress at living with and coping with diabetes

• Change in the Score on "Negative Emotional Reactivity" on the Affect Intensity Measure (AIM) Scale. [ Time Frame: Baseline and end-point (about 10-12 weeks). ]
  Intensity of negative emotional reactivity. Range from 6 to 36, higher scores indicate greater intensity of negative emotional reactivity.
• Change Score on the "Clarity of Emotion" on the Trait Meta Mood (TMM) scale for emotional intelligence. [ Time Frame: Baseline and end-point (about 10-12 weeks) ]
  Assessment of clarity of emotions. Range from 0 to 44; higher scores indicate greater emotional intelligence.
• HbA1c level [ Time Frame: Baseline and end-point (about 10-12 weeks) ]
  HbA1c levels

Our interest in aberrant Emotional Regulation / Emotional Intelligence in Type 2 Diabetes stems from observations that while many patients with Type 2 Diabetes have greater incidence of mood and anxiety (and even anger) disorders than controls, targeting psychiatric conditions, such as depression, is not sufficient to improve glycemic control in patients with diabetes. Thus, the key issue for such patients is not what specific psychiatric disorder they have, but the presence of an impairment in the fundamental regulation of emotional regulation and in how such individuals modulate their emotional response to aversive events in their lives (e.g., emotional intelligence), now suggested by a recent study. As part of a new study, we examined the relationship between glycemic control (HbA1c) and Emotional Experience (ER-Exp) and Skill at Emotional Regulation (ER-Skill) in 100 adult patients with Type 2 Diabetes. We found significant relationships between ER-Exp and ER-Skill and HbA1c levels that accounted for nearly 24% of the variance in HbA1c levels. These relationships with HbA1c levels remained even after accounting for other relevant behavioral variables such as depression/anxiety scores and diabetes self-care/literacy scores. Accordingly, the tendency of an individual to have intense emotional responses (higher scores on ER-Exp), and/or to have a reduced ability to understand/modulate one's emotions in order to cope with daily stresses/threats (lower scores on ER-Skill), may well be linked with poor glycemic control (HbA1c) in adult patients with Type 2 Diabetes. If so, it will be important to develop psycho-social methods to improve ER-Exp and DR-Skill in Type 2 Diabetes patients to determine if one can improve aberrant Emotional Regulation (ER-Exp/ER-Skill), Diabetes Distress (DD), and HbA1c (A1c) levels as suggested by treatment studies showing that such treatment can improve ER-Skill with a sustained reduction in A1c levels in Type 2 Diabetes for up to nine months. Supporting these findings are data from a recent study showing that increasing positive emotion reduces (and increasing negative emotion increases) blood glucose levels, especially in those with poor emotion regulation skills.

Specific Study Objectives:

• Develop an integrated Emotion - Focused Psycho-social EF-CBT) from three (3) existing sources that contain elements to improve ER-Exp and ER-Skill.
• Conduct a pilot study in 10 patients with Type 2 Diabetes with aberrant ER-ER-Exp/ER-Skill and compare treatment outcomes in emotionality, diabetes distress, and in A1c levels with 10 patients with Type 2 Diabetes undergoing treatment as usual (TAU).

• Experimental: Emotion-Focused CBT
  Ten CBT sessions with a therapist.
  Intervention: Behavioral: Emotion-Focused CBT
• No Intervention: Wait List
  Three visits for assessments only over the same time period of the Experimental Arm.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Receiving care for T2D at Kovler Diabetes Center, at UCM, or in the community.
2. Documented diagnosis of T2D for at least one year.
3. Age: 21-65 years of age.
4. HbA1c > 7.0 (with hemoglobin in the normal range).
5. ER-Exp Screen score of > 29 and/or ER-Skill Screen score < 44.
6. Stable medical co-morbid conditions.
7. Able to read English.
8. Able to give informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Documented diagnosis of T2D less than one year.
2. Age: < 21 or > 65 years of age.
3. HbA1c < 7.0 .
4. ER-Exp screen score of < 29 and ER-Skill score =/> 44.
5. Unstable medical co-morbid conditions.
6. Active psychosis or suicidal/homicidal ideation.
7. Not able to read English.
8. Not able to give informed consent.