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Carbohydrate Intake and Gut Hormone Release During Exercise
It is well known that following a single session of moderate-to-high intensity exercise individuals experience a temporary suppression of hunger and a delay in the commencement of eating. This effect is believed to be due to changes in blood concentrations of specific hormones released from the gut that influence appetite.
Individuals undertaking physical activity often consume foods immediately before exercise in order to improve their performance. However, it is currently unknown whether this eating practice influences the gut hormone response to exercise as well as how hungry an individual feels post-exercise.
Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of consuming a sugary (carbohydrate) drink immediately before starting an exercise session on the concentration of these gut hormones as well as the amount of food eaten in the hours following exercise completion.
| Condition or disease | Intervention/treatment | Phase |
|---|---|---|
| Obesity | Dietary Supplement: Maltodextrin (carbohydrate) Other: Exercise Other: Rest Other: Water | Not Applicable |
It is well established that following an acute bout of moderate-to-high intensity exercise individuals experience a transient suppression of hunger and a delay in the commencement of eating - a phenomenon referred to as exercise-induced anorexia. Acute exercise modulates the concentrations of gut hormones known to influence satiety, including the anorexigenic hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), as well as the acylated form of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin. These alterations in gut hormone concentrations have consequently been hypothesised to play a key role in exercise-induced anorexia.
Despite suppressing hunger and delaying eating, acute exercise does not appear to alter short-term energy intake in the immediate hours following exercise completion. The absence of a compensatory response therefore creates an energy deficit capable of inducing weight loss. Strategies that augment the gut hormone response to acute exercise may thus increase the potency of exercise as a weight-loss tool.
Research investigating the effect of exercise on appetite has frequently utilised participants in a fasting state. Undertaking exercise in this physiological condition contradicts current practices, as athletes often consume a carbohydrate source immediately prior to exercise in an attempt to maximise performance. It is currently unknown as to whether the consumption of carbohydrate during this period may further enhance the gut hormone response to exercise, and thus research into a potential additive effect is warranted.
High-intensity exercise increases sympathetic nervous system activity and catecholamine release. Catecholamine concentrations are negatively correlated with acylated ghrelin concentrations and may directly stimulate GLP-1 and PYY release via activation of β-receptors located on L-cells. The decrease in gastric emptying rate that is observed during high-intensity exercise is also attributed to this increase in sympathetic activity. Consequently, an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity has been postulated as a key mechanism underlying exercise-induced changes in gut hormone concentrations. However, to our knowledge, no study has directly measured the relationship between sympathetic nervous system activity and anorexigenic gut hormone release during exercise.
Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine any potential additive effects of carbohydrate ingestion immediately prior to exercise on gut hormone release and post-exercise appetite suppression. Furthermore, this study will look to investigate the mechanisms underlying changes in gut hormone concentrations experienced during exercise.
| Study Type : | Interventional (Clinical Trial) |
| Estimated Enrollment : | 12 participants |
| Allocation: | Randomized |
| Intervention Model: | Crossover Assignment |
| Intervention Model Description: | Participants perform all four trials in a randomized order |
| Masking: | Double (Participant, Investigator) |
| Masking Description: | Participants and investigators will be masked to the contents of the beverage. They will not be masked to whether it is a resting or exercise condition as this is not possible. |
| Primary Purpose: | Basic Science |
| Official Title: | Carbohydrate Intake and Gut Hormone Release During Exercise |
| Actual Study Start Date : | February 21, 2019 |
| Estimated Primary Completion Date : | February 2022 |
| Estimated Study Completion Date : | February 2022 |
| Arm | Intervention/treatment |
|---|---|
|
Placebo Comparator: No Carbohydrate Drink + Rest
Participants will consume the no carbohydrate drink (300ml water) followed by a rest session
|
Other: Rest
30 minutes laying on a bed
Other: Water A drink containing 300ml of water
|
|
Active Comparator: No Carbohydrate Drink + Exercise
Participants will consume the no carbohydrate drink (300ml water) followed by an exercise session (75% VO2 max on a cycle ergometer)
|
Other: Exercise
30 minutes on a cycle ergometer working at 75% VO2 max
Other: Water A drink containing 300ml of water
|
|
Active Comparator: Carbohydrate Drink + Rest
Participants will consume the carbohydrate drink (300ml water + 75g maltodextrin) followed by a rest session
|
Dietary Supplement: Maltodextrin (carbohydrate)
A drink containing 300ml of water and 75g of maltodextrin
Other: Rest 30 minutes laying on a bed
|
|
Experimental: Carbohydrate Drink + Exercise
Participants will consume the carbohydrate drink (300ml water + 75g maltodextrin) followed by an exercise session (75% VO2 max on a cycle ergometer)
|
Dietary Supplement: Maltodextrin (carbohydrate)
A drink containing 300ml of water and 75g of maltodextrin
Other: Exercise 30 minutes on a cycle ergometer working at 75% VO2 max
|
- Changes in GLP-1 concentration [ Time Frame: During the study visit, 165 minutes ]Changes in GLP-1 concentration between exercise and resting conditions, and between carbohydrate and control conditions
- Changes in PYY concentration [ Time Frame: During the study visit, 165 minutes ]Changes in PYY concentration between exercise and resting conditions, and between carbohydrate and control conditions
- Changes in acylated ghrelin concentration [ Time Frame: During the study visit, 165 minutes ]Changes in acylated ghrelin concentration between exercise and resting conditions, and between carbohydrate and control conditions
- Changes in energy intake [ Time Frame: During the study visit, 165 minutes ]Differences in energy intake at an ad libitum meal between exercise and resting conditions, and between carbohydrate and control conditions
- Changes in Energy expenditure [ Time Frame: During the study visit, 165 minutes ]Differences in energy expenditure between exercise and resting conditions, and between carbohydrate and control conditions.
- Changes in energy balance [ Time Frame: During the study visit, 165 minutes ]Differences in energy balance between exercise and resting conditions, and between carbohydrate and control conditions.
- Changes in Catecholamines concentration [ Time Frame: During the study visit, 165 minutes ]Changes in catecholamine concentrations between exercise and resting conditions, and between carbohydrate and control conditions
- Glucose homeostasis [ Time Frame: During the study visit, 165 minutes ]Changes in glucose homeostasis between exercise and resting conditions, and between carbohydrate and control conditions.
- Changes in subjective nausea [ Time Frame: During the study visit, 165 minutes ]Changes in subjective feelings of nausea as measured by visual analogue scales between exercise and resting conditions, and between carbohydrate and control conditions. Visual analogue scales will range from 0 mm to 100 mm with a higher score indicating a higher degree of nausea.
- Changes in subjective appetite [ Time Frame: During the study visit, 165 minutes ]Changes in subjective feelings of appetite as measured by visual analogue scales between exercise and resting conditions, and between carbohydrate and control conditions. Visual analogue scales will range from 0 mm to 100 mm with a higher score indicating a higher degree of fullness.
| Ages Eligible for Study: | 18 Years to 40 Years (Adult) |
| Sexes Eligible for Study: | Male |
| Gender Based Eligibility: | Yes |
| Gender Eligibility Description: | Male |
| Accepts Healthy Volunteers: | Yes |
Inclusion Criteria:
- Male
- Age between 18-40 years (inclusive)
- Body mass index (BMI) of 18-30 kg/m2
- Willingness and ability to give written informed consent and willingness and ability to understand, to participate and to comply with the study requirements
Exclusion Criteria:
- Abnormal ECG
- Screening blood results outside of normal reference values
- Current smokers
- Current or history of substance abuse and/or excess alcohol intake
- Diabetes
- Cardiovascular disease
- Cancer
- Gastrointestinal disease e.g. inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome
- Kidney disease
- Liver disease
- Pancreatitis
- Started new medication within the last 3 months likely to interfere with energy metabolism, appetite regulation and hormonal balance, including: anti-inflammatory drugs or steroids, antibiotics, androgens, phenytoin, erythromycin or thyroid hormones.
- Participation in a research study in the 12 week period prior to entering this study.
- Any blood donation within the 12 week period prior to entering this study
| Contact: James Frampton, MRes | 07807089931 | j.frampton17@imperial.ac.uk |
| United Kingdom | |
| Imperial Clinical Research Facility | Recruiting |
| London, United Kingdom, W12 0HS | |
| Contact: Karen Mosley, PhD 020 3313 8073 k.mosley@nhs.net | |
| Principal Investigator: | Edward Chambers, PhD | Imperial College London |
| Tracking Information | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Submitted Date ICMJE | July 9, 2019 | ||||||
| First Posted Date ICMJE | July 15, 2019 | ||||||
| Last Update Posted Date | July 30, 2020 | ||||||
| Actual Study Start Date ICMJE | February 21, 2019 | ||||||
| Estimated Primary Completion Date | February 2022 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure) | ||||||
| Current Primary Outcome Measures ICMJE |
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| Original Primary Outcome Measures ICMJE | Same as current | ||||||
| Change History | |||||||
| Current Secondary Outcome Measures ICMJE |
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| Original Secondary Outcome Measures ICMJE |
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| Current Other Pre-specified Outcome Measures | Not Provided | ||||||
| Original Other Pre-specified Outcome Measures | Not Provided | ||||||
| Descriptive Information | |||||||
| Brief Title ICMJE | Carbohydrate Intake and Gut Hormone Release During Exercise | ||||||
| Official Title ICMJE | Carbohydrate Intake and Gut Hormone Release During Exercise | ||||||
| Brief Summary |
It is well known that following a single session of moderate-to-high intensity exercise individuals experience a temporary suppression of hunger and a delay in the commencement of eating. This effect is believed to be due to changes in blood concentrations of specific hormones released from the gut that influence appetite. Individuals undertaking physical activity often consume foods immediately before exercise in order to improve their performance. However, it is currently unknown whether this eating practice influences the gut hormone response to exercise as well as how hungry an individual feels post-exercise. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of consuming a sugary (carbohydrate) drink immediately before starting an exercise session on the concentration of these gut hormones as well as the amount of food eaten in the hours following exercise completion. |
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| Detailed Description |
It is well established that following an acute bout of moderate-to-high intensity exercise individuals experience a transient suppression of hunger and a delay in the commencement of eating - a phenomenon referred to as exercise-induced anorexia. Acute exercise modulates the concentrations of gut hormones known to influence satiety, including the anorexigenic hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), as well as the acylated form of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin. These alterations in gut hormone concentrations have consequently been hypothesised to play a key role in exercise-induced anorexia. Despite suppressing hunger and delaying eating, acute exercise does not appear to alter short-term energy intake in the immediate hours following exercise completion. The absence of a compensatory response therefore creates an energy deficit capable of inducing weight loss. Strategies that augment the gut hormone response to acute exercise may thus increase the potency of exercise as a weight-loss tool. Research investigating the effect of exercise on appetite has frequently utilised participants in a fasting state. Undertaking exercise in this physiological condition contradicts current practices, as athletes often consume a carbohydrate source immediately prior to exercise in an attempt to maximise performance. It is currently unknown as to whether the consumption of carbohydrate during this period may further enhance the gut hormone response to exercise, and thus research into a potential additive effect is warranted. High-intensity exercise increases sympathetic nervous system activity and catecholamine release. Catecholamine concentrations are negatively correlated with acylated ghrelin concentrations and may directly stimulate GLP-1 and PYY release via activation of β-receptors located on L-cells. The decrease in gastric emptying rate that is observed during high-intensity exercise is also attributed to this increase in sympathetic activity. Consequently, an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity has been postulated as a key mechanism underlying exercise-induced changes in gut hormone concentrations. However, to our knowledge, no study has directly measured the relationship between sympathetic nervous system activity and anorexigenic gut hormone release during exercise. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine any potential additive effects of carbohydrate ingestion immediately prior to exercise on gut hormone release and post-exercise appetite suppression. Furthermore, this study will look to investigate the mechanisms underlying changes in gut hormone concentrations experienced during exercise. |
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| Study Type ICMJE | Interventional | ||||||
| Study Phase ICMJE | Not Applicable | ||||||
| Study Design ICMJE | Allocation: Randomized Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment Intervention Model Description: Participants perform all four trials in a randomized order Masking: Double (Participant, Investigator)Masking Description: Participants and investigators will be masked to the contents of the beverage. They will not be masked to whether it is a resting or exercise condition as this is not possible. Primary Purpose: Basic Science
|
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| Condition ICMJE | Obesity | ||||||
| Intervention ICMJE |
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| Study Arms ICMJE |
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| Publications * | Not Provided | ||||||
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* Includes publications given by the data provider as well as publications identified by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number) in Medline. |
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| Recruitment Information | |||||||
| Recruitment Status ICMJE | Recruiting | ||||||
| Estimated Enrollment ICMJE |
12 | ||||||
| Original Estimated Enrollment ICMJE | Same as current | ||||||
| Estimated Study Completion Date ICMJE | February 2022 | ||||||
| Estimated Primary Completion Date | February 2022 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure) | ||||||
| Eligibility Criteria ICMJE |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
|
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| Sex/Gender ICMJE |
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| Ages ICMJE | 18 Years to 40 Years (Adult) | ||||||
| Accepts Healthy Volunteers ICMJE | Yes | ||||||
| Contacts ICMJE |
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| Listed Location Countries ICMJE | United Kingdom | ||||||
| Removed Location Countries | |||||||
| Administrative Information | |||||||
| NCT Number ICMJE | NCT04019418 | ||||||
| Other Study ID Numbers ICMJE | 18HH4889 | ||||||
| Has Data Monitoring Committee | No | ||||||
| U.S. FDA-regulated Product |
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| IPD Sharing Statement ICMJE |
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| Responsible Party | Imperial College London | ||||||
| Study Sponsor ICMJE | Imperial College London | ||||||
| Collaborators ICMJE | Not Provided | ||||||
| Investigators ICMJE |
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| PRS Account | Imperial College London | ||||||
| Verification Date | July 2020 | ||||||
|
ICMJE Data element required by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors and the World Health Organization ICTRP |
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