• Determinants of inter-individual variation in afimoxifene drug concentrations in unradiated breast tissue related to skin histology, blood and lymph vessel density [ Time Frame: Up to 35 days post-treatment ]
  Univariate analyses will relate each characteristic to tissue drug concentration using either correlation analysis for continuous characteristics or a t-test, analysis of variance or rank sum test for categorical characteristics. Multiple linear regression modelling will be used to select those characteristics that provide the strongest independent contribution to the model.
• Determinants of inter-individual variation in afimoxifene drug concentrations in unradiated breast tissue related to the expression of xenobiotic transporters and enzymes [ Time Frame: Up to 35 days post-treatment ]
  Univariate analyses will relate each characteristic to tissue drug concentration using either correlation analysis for continuous characteristics or a t-test, analysis of variance or rank sum test for categorical characteristics. Multiple linear regression modelling will be used to select those characteristics that provide the strongest independent contribution to the model.
• Determinants of inter-individual variation in afimoxifene drug concentrations in unradiated breast tissue related to skin features [ Time Frame: Up to 35 days pot-treatment ]
  Will be measured with confocal reflectance microscopy. Univariate analyses will relate each characteristic to tissue drug concentration using either correlation analysis for continuous characteristics or a t-test, analysis of variance or rank sum test for categorical characteristics. Multiple linear regression modelling will be used to select those characteristics that provide the strongest independent contribution to the model. A similar analysis will be conducted using the skin characteristics from the confocal reflectance microscopy.

• Effect of breast radiotherapy on drug concentrations resulting from transdermal delivery of afimoxifene (4-OHT) [ Time Frame: Up to 35 days post-treatment ]
  Tissue drug concentrations will be compared between radiated and non-radiated breasts using a mixed linear model, with breast radiation status as a fixed effect of interest and person as a random effect. Analyses will also be done to compare the skin data (histology, immunohistochemistry [IHC], protein expression, CRS) between radiated and non-radiated breasts. While most characteristics will be continuous, other metrics will be analyzed by using different link functions in similarly constructed generalized linear model.
• Differences between radiated and non-radiated skin and breast tissue that contribute to differences in permeation [ Time Frame: Up to 35 days post-treatment ]
  Tissue drug concentrations will be compared between radiated and non-radiated breasts using a mixed linear model, with breast radiation status as a fixed effect of interest and person as a random effect. Analyses will also be done to compare the skin data (histology, IHC, protein expression, CRS) between radiated and non-radiated breasts. While most characteristics will be continuous, other metrics will be analyzed by using different link functions in similarly constructed generalized linear model.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To identify the skin features that drive inter-individual variation in dermal drug permeation between individuals.

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To relate breast tissue drug concentration to skin histology, skin vascularity, skin transporter proteins, and skin features measured using confocal reflectance microscopy.

II. To assess the feasibility of transdermal drug delivery to the radiated breast.

OUTLINE:

Patients apply afimoxifene gel topically once daily (QD) to both breasts for 4 weeks and then undergo core needle biopsies of both breasts.

Patients receive follow up phone call 21-35 days after biopsy.

• Cancer Survivor
• Ductal Breast Carcinoma In Situ
• Invasive Breast Carcinoma

• Drug: Afimoxifene
  Apply topically
  Other Names:

  • 4-Hydroxy-Tamoxifen
  • 4-hydroxytamoxifen
  • 4-OHT
• Procedure: Core Biopsy
  Undergo core needle biopsy
  Other Name: core needle biopsy
• Other: Questionnaire Administration
  Ancillary studies

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients must have received prior unilateral breast radiotherapy (RT) for ductal breast carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive cancer (>= 12 weeks after the end of RT), and have an intact unradiated (non-RT) breast.

  • Note: The upper limit for interval since RT will be 5 years, since oral endocrine therapy (OET) for DCIS is usually administered during the 5 years that follow the end of RT.
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status =< 1 (Karnofsky >= 70%).
• No history of coagulopathy, or daily use of aspirin/nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
• A prior history of malignancy is allowed, as long as the patient is considered to have ?no evaluable disease? and cancer treatment has been completed.

• Females of child-bearing potential (FOCBP) and male partners of female participants must agree to use TWO effective forms of birth control (abstinence is not an allowed method) prior to study entry and for the duration of study participation, and for two months following the last dose of study medications. Effective birth control methods are: copper IUD (intrauterine device), diaphragm/cervical cap/shield, spermicide, contraceptive sponge, condoms. Should a female patient become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while participating in this study, she should inform her treating physician immediately.

  • NOTE: A FOCBP is any woman (regardless of sexual orientation, having undergone a tubal ligation, or remaining celibate by choice) who meets the following criteria:

    • Has not undergone a hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy
    • Has had menses at any time in the preceding 12 consecutive months (and therefore has not been naturally postmenopausal for > 12 months).
• FOCBP must have a negative urine pregnancy test within 7 days prior to registration on study.
• Willingness to avoid exposing breast skin to natural or artificial sunlight (i.e. tanning beds) for the duration of the study drug use.
• Patients must have the ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent prior to registration on study.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients receiving any other investigational agents within 30 days of registration are not eligible.

• Patients currently using oral selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS) (tamoxifen, raloxifene, bazedoxifene) are not eligible.

  • Note: Prior or current endocrine therapy other than SERMs are allowed.
• Patients who have a history of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition afimoxifene (4-OHT) are not eligible.

• Patients who have an uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to any of the following, are not eligible:

  • Hypertension that is not controlled on medication
  • Ongoing or active infection requiring systemic treatment
  • Symptomatic congestive heart failure
  • Unstable angina pectoris
  • Cardiac arrhythmia
  • Psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements
  • Any other illness or condition that the treating investigator feels would interfere with study compliance or would compromise the patient?s safety or study endpoints.
• Female patients who are pregnant or nursing are not eligible.
• Patients with prior bilateral breast cancer radiotherapy or radiotherapy for lymphoma will be excluded.
• Patients with skin lesions on the breast that disrupt the stratum corneum (e.g. eczema, ulceration) are not eligible.
• Patients with a history of endometrial neoplasia are not eligible.

• Patients with a history of thromboembolic disease are not eligible.

  • Note: history of varicose veins and superficial phlebitis is allowed.
• Patients who are undergoing active treatment for any malignancy will be excluded.
• Male patients are excluded from this study since there are no data regarding skin penetration of 4-OHT though male chest wall skin (which is thicker and hairier than female chest wall skin).