• Treatment completion (taking 80% of doses within 120% of allowed time) [ Time Frame: 2 months from randomization for participants in the two intervention arms and 4 months for the control arm. ]
  Completion will be defined as taking 80% of doses within 120% of allowed time (48 doses within 72 days for the two-month regimens, and 96 doses within 144 days for the 4-month regimen).
• Safety measured by Grade 3 to 5 adverse events [ Time Frame: 2 months plus 2 weeks in the intervention arms; 4 months plus 2 weeks in the control arm. ]
  Grade 3 to 5 adverse events (and Grade 1-2 rash) which result in permanent discontinuation of the study drug, and that are considered probably or possibly related to the study drug by the majority of a three-member independent and blinded Adverse Events panel.

• Safety measured by Grade 1 to 2 adverse events [ Time Frame: 2 months plus 2 weeks in the intervention arms; 4 months plus 2 weeks in the control arm. ]
  Grade 1 to 2 adverse events which result in permanent discontinuation of the study drug and are considered probably or possibly related to the study drug by the adverse events panel.
• Efficacy measured during follow-up visits and telephone calls [ Time Frame: 26 months from randomization in all arms. ]
  Active TB - symptoms will be ascertained monthly by direct questioning during treatment phase follow-up visits, and by telephone call every 3 months up to 26 months after randomization.

Rationale:

Shorter regimens of high dose daily rifampin may be safe, and as effective as the standard rifampin regimen when taken for 4 months to treat latent TB (LTBI). However, there is insufficient evidence on the optimal dose of rifampin that has similar efficacy as the standard 4-month rifampin regimen without jeopardizing safety or affecting completion rates.

Objectives:

The general purpose of this study is to determine if rifampin at double or triple the standard dose for 2 months is as safe and effective as the standard dose of rifampin when taken for 4 months to treat latent tuberculosis (TB).

Treatment:

Persons who need treatment for latent TB, will be given rifampin, either at the standard dose (10mg/kg/day) for 4 months (control arm); or at double dose (20mg/kg/day) for 2 months (intervention arm 1); or at triple dose (30mg/kg/day) for 2 months (intervention arm 2).

Design:

This is 1:1:1 randomized, phase 2b, partially blind, controlled trial. The two higher doses (intervention arms) will be administered double-blind: participants and providers will be aware of the duration of their regimen, but they will both remain blinded to the specific dose (i.e. 20 or 30 mg/kg/day) for those randomized to 2-months regimens. All members of the same household of a patient with newly diagnosed active pulmonary TB will be randomized together (i.e. cluster randomized).

Population and setting:

Adults and children aged 10 years and above, who have latent TB infection and are recommended by their doctor to take treatment for latent TB can participate in the study.

The planned number of persons with latent TB to recruit is about 1359 in total (or about 453 for each of the three arms).

The study will take place in 6 sites: four in Canada (Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal and Vancouver), one in Indonesia (Bandung) and one in Viet Nam (Ho Chi Min City).

Outcomes:

Primary outcomes are: 1) Treatment completion and 2) Safety (i.e. grade 3-5 adverse events).

Secondary outcomes are: 1) Safety (i.e. grade 1-2 adverse events) and 2) Efficacy (i.e. rates of active TB in the 26 months post-randomization). More information on how outcomes are defined is provided in the detailed description below.

Additional information extracted from study protocol is provided below:

Study duration:

The planned study start date is August 2019. Enrollment at all sites will last for 18 months, meaning that the last participant will complete treatment 20 months (if in 2 month study arm) or 22 months (if in 4 month study arm) after the study begans at a site. Participants are followed for 26 months following randomization, so at each site the study will end 44 months after the first participant is enrolled.

Study procedures:

The treatment should be given at the time of randomization; participants will be followed for the duration of treatment (i.e. 2-4 months), and for 2 years after treatments is finished.

Follow up during treatment consists of 3 clinic visits for participants in all arms. At each visit, a pill count and monitoring of possible side effects will be performed.

Follow-up after treatment will consist of contacting participants by phone every 3 months for 2 years, to check for symptoms of active TB.

Outcomes definitions:

Primary outcomes:

1. Treatment completion (i.e. comparing how many people in each group completed treatment). Treatment completion is defined as taking at least 80% of the doses in 120% of the allowed time. The number of pills taken will be known by counting the pills dispensed and brought back by participants at each visit while they are on treatment.
2. Safety: Grade 3-5 adverse events that result in permanent discontinuation of study drug and are considered probably or possibly related to the study drug by an independent 3-member adjudication panel blinded to study treatment.

Secondary outcomes:

1. Safety: grade 1-2 adverse events that result in permanent discontinuation of study drug and are considered probably or possibly related to the study drug by the same independent 3-member adjudication panel.
2. Efficacy: comparing rates of active TB in the 26 months post-randomization

Statistical analyses:

There are two planned primary analyses, comparing each of the two intervention arms to the conventional arm: 1) Superiority of treatment completion, using a logistic regression; 2) Non-inferiority of safety, using a Poisson regression to compare the occurrence of the grade 3-5 adverse events. We will use the confidence interval approach, and compare the upper limit of the difference using a margin of 4%.

Given that some exclusion post randomization could occur (for example if drug sensitivity test (DST) results for the index case were not available at the time of randomization but later showed resistance to rifampin- their contacts would not be eligible for the study and would be subsequently be excluded), a modified intention to treat analysis will be used - with these valid post-randomization exclusions. A secondary analysis will be done among patients who completed therapy per protocol.

Other planned secondary analyses are: 1) Non-inferiority of completion. The maximum allowable difference will be 5%, with one-sided significance level; 2) Non-inferiority of grade 1-2 adverse events (in the same way as grade 3-5 adverse events done for primary analysis); 3) Comparison of incidence of active TB per 100 person-years of follow-up, in the 26 months post-randomization. All analyses will include adjustment for clustering by household. In stratified analysis, results will be presented by indication for LTBI treatment. Sensitivity analyses will be conducted where by analysis are stratified by study centre and by country.

Interim Analyses:

There will be at least two interim analyses of study regimen completion and of Grade 3-5 adverse events. The first analysis will be conducted after the first 150 participants have completed therapy, the second after 450 participants have completed therapy or sooner if there are concerns about excess toxicity with either high-dose arm. The Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) will be responsible to review the two planned interim analyses, as well as any unexpected Grade 4 adverse events, or deaths that could be related to study regimens. Rather than having a formal stopping rule, the decision to stop enrollment, would be made by the DSMB, based on the safety reports received and the results of interim analyses.

• Drug: Rifampin double dose
  Double dose of rifampin for 2 months.
  Other Name: 2R20
• Drug: Rifampin triple dose
  Triple dose of rifampin for 2 months.
  Other Name: 2R30
• Drug: Rifampin standard dose
  Standard dose of rifampin for 4 months.
  Other Name: 4R10

• Experimental: Intervention Arm 1
  Two months of daily self-administered rifampin at 20 mg/kg (maximum 1200 mg/day).
  Intervention: Drug: Rifampin double dose
• Experimental: Intervention Arm 2
  Two months of daily self-administered rifampin at 30 mg/Kg (maximum 1800 mg/day).
  Intervention: Drug: Rifampin triple dose
• Active Comparator: Control Arm
  Four months of daily self-administered rifampin at a dose of 10mg per kg per day (maximum 600mg per day).
  Intervention: Drug: Rifampin standard dose

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Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults, and children aged 10 and older who weigh at least 25kg.
• Evidence of latent TB infection: positive tuberculin skin test (5mm or greater or 10mm or greater, based on National guidelines) or positive interferon gamma release assay.
• Eligible to take latent TB treatment according to Canadian guidelines in the Canadian sites, and according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines in the international sites (this includes household contacts, other contacts, HIV infected, other causes of immune suppression, fibronodular disease on chest-x ray (CXR), or other indication).

Exclusion Criteria:

• Children aged 0-9 and children aged 10 or older who weigh less than 25kg
• Pregnancy
• Baseline AST or ALT that is at least 3 times higher than upper limit of normal
• Baseline Grade 3-4 abnormalities of hematological tests (WBC, platelets or hemoglobin).
• Prior treatment for latent or active TB.
• Rifampin contra-indicated - due to potential drug interactions that are considered too important, or difficult to manage, by health care provider; or due to history of allergy/ hypersensitivity to rifampin, rifabutin or rifapentine.
• Household contacts of index TB patients with confirmed, or suspected rifampin resistant TB.