• Mean Change from Pre to Post Mindset Manipulation on Emotion Mindset Scale (measures beliefs about whether emotions are fixed or malleable) [ Time Frame: Pre vs. Post Mindset Manipulation: baseline ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control) Minimum=1 Maximum=6 High=worse outcome
• Mean Change from Pre to Post Mindset Manipulation on Emotional Self-efficacy Scale (measure beliefs about ability to control emotions) [ Time Frame: Pre vs. Post Mindset Manipulation: baseline ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control) Minimum=1 Maximum=5 High=better outcome
• Mean Change from Pre to Post Mindset Manipulation on Emotional Self-efficacy Vignettes (measure beliefs about ability to control emotions in specific situations) [ Time Frame: Pre vs. Post Mindset Manipulation: baseline ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control) Minimum=1 Maximum=5 High=better outcome
• Mean Difference in Performance on Go/nogo Task [ Time Frame: Post Mindset Manipulation: baseline ]
  Will compare mean performance as reflected in reaction time and accuracy across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Difference in Emotion Regulation Strategies [ Time Frame: Post Mindset Manipulation: baseline ]
  Will compare mean levels of self-reported emotion regulation strategies across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Difference in Amygdala Activation [ Time Frame: Post Mindset Manipulation: baseline ]
  Will compare mean levels of amygdala activation during relevant trials of the Social Evaluation Task and Go/no go Task across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Difference in Frontal Parietal Network-Amygdala Connectivity [ Time Frame: Post Mindset Manipulation: baseline ]
  Will compare mean levels of frontal parietal network-amygdala connectivity during relevant trials of the Social Evaluation Task and Go/no go Task across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Change on Self-Reported State Negative Affect [ Time Frame: Pre-Trier vs. Post-Trier: baseline ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control)

• Mean Change from Pre to Post Mindset Manipulation on Emotion Mindset Scale [ Time Frame: Pre vs. Post Mindset Manipulation: baseline ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Change from Pre to Post Mindset Manipulation on Emotional Self-efficacy Scale [ Time Frame: Pre vs. Post Mindset Manipulation: baseline ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Change from Pre to Post Mindset Manipulation on Emotional Self-efficacy Vignettes [ Time Frame: Pre vs. Post Mindset Manipulation: baseline ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Difference in Performance on Go/nogo Task [ Time Frame: Post Mindset Manipulation: baseline ]
  Will compare mean performance as reflected in reaction time and accuracy across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Difference in Emotion Regulation Strategies [ Time Frame: Post Mindset Manipulation: baseline ]
  Will compare mean levels of self-reported emotion regulation strategies across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Difference in Amygdala Activation [ Time Frame: Post Mindset Manipulation: baseline ]
  Will compare mean levels of amygdala activation during relevant trials of the Social Evaluation Task and Go/no go Task across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Difference in Frontal Parietal Network-Amygdala Connectivity [ Time Frame: Post Mindset Manipulation: baseline ]
  Will compare mean levels of frontal parietal network-amygdala connectivity during relevant trials of the Social Evaluation Task and Go/no go Task across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Change on Self-Reported State Negative Affect [ Time Frame: Pre-Trier vs. Post-Trier: baseline ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control)

• Mean Change from Baseline in Emotion Mindset Scores at 2 Months [ Time Frame: At baseline and in approximately 2 months ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Change from Baseline in Emotion Mindset Scores at 4 Months [ Time Frame: At baseline and in approximately 4 months ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Change from Baseline in Emotional Self-efficacy Scale Scores at 2 Months (measure beliefs about ability to control emotions) [ Time Frame: At baseline and in approximately 2 months ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control) Minimum=1 Maximum=5 High=better outcome
• Mean Change from Baseline in Emotional Self-efficacy Scale Scores at 4 Months (measure beliefs about ability to control emotions) [ Time Frame: At baseline and in approximately 4 months ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control) Minimum=1 Maximum=5 High=better outcome
• Mean Change from Baseline in Emotional Self-efficacy Vignettes Scores at 2 months [ Time Frame: At baseline and in approximately 2 months ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Change from Baseline in Emotional Self-efficacy Vignettes Scores at 4 months [ Time Frame: At baseline and in approximately 4 months ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Change from Baseline in Self-Reported Emotion Regulation Strategies Scores at 2 months [ Time Frame: At baseline and in approximately 2 months ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Change from Baseline in Self-Reported Emotion Regulation Strategies Scores at 4 months [ Time Frame: At baseline and in approximately 4 months ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Difference on Self-Reported State Negative Affect [ Time Frame: Post Mindset Manipulation: baseline ]
  Will compare mean scores during relevant trials of the Social Evaluation Task across the two conditions (mindset and control)

• Mean Change from Baseline in Emotion Mindset Scores at 2 Months [ Time Frame: At baseline and in approximately 2 months ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Change from Baseline in Emotion Mindset Scores at 4 Months [ Time Frame: At baseline and in approximately 4 months ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Change from Baseline in Emotional Self-efficacy Scale Scores at 2 Months [ Time Frame: At baseline and in approximately 2 months ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Change from Baseline in Emotional Self-efficacy Scale Scores at 4 Months [ Time Frame: At baseline and in approximately 4 months ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Change from Baseline in Emotional Self-efficacy Vignettes Scores at 2 months [ Time Frame: At baseline and in approximately 2 months ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Change from Baseline in Emotional Self-efficacy Vignettes Scores at 4 months [ Time Frame: At baseline and in approximately 4 months ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Change from Baseline in Self-Reported Emotion Regulation Strategies Scores at 2 months [ Time Frame: At baseline and in approximately 2 months ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Change from Baseline in Self-Reported Emotion Regulation Strategies Scores at 4 months [ Time Frame: At baseline and in approximately 4 months ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Difference on Self-Reported State Negative Affect [ Time Frame: Post Mindset Manipulation: baseline ]
  Will compare mean scores during relevant trials of the Social Evaluation Task across the two conditions (mindset and control)

• Mean Difference in Cingulo-Opercular Network Activation [ Time Frame: Post Mindset Manipulation: baseline ]
  Will compare mean levels of cingulo-opercular network activation during resting state and relevant trials of the Social Evaluation Task and Go/no go Task across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Difference in Cingulo-Opercular Network-Amygdala Connectivity [ Time Frame: Post Mindset Manipulation: baseline ]
  Will compare mean levels of cingulo-opercular network-amygdala connectivity during resting state and relevant trials of the Social Evaluation Task and Go/no go Task across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Group Differences for Whole-Brain Analyses [ Time Frame: Post Mindset Manipulation: baseline ]
  Will conduct exploratory whole-brain analyses comparing activation patterns during resting state and relevant trials of the Social Evaluation Task and Go/no go Task across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Change from Baseline in Depressive Symptoms Scores at 2 months [ Time Frame: At baseline and in approximately 2 months ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Change from Baseline in Depressive Symptoms Scores at 4 months [ Time Frame: At baseline and in approximately 4 months ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Change from Baseline in Anxiety Symptoms Scores at 2 months [ Time Frame: At baseline and in approximately 2 months ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control)
• Mean Change from Baseline in Anxiety Symptoms Scores at 4 months [ Time Frame: At baseline and in approximately 4 months ]
  Will compare mean change scores across the two conditions (mindset and control)

150 adolescent girls will complete baseline measures and then be randomly assigned to one of two conditions and will complete a computer-based lesson (see below). Girls will then engage in a social stressor outside of the scanner as well as an emotional challenge and cognitive control task in the scanner and will complete post-scan measures. Two and four months after the scan session they will complete additional survey measures.

Experimental condition: The GEM manipulation, involves 6 components: (1) Introduction: discussion of emotional experiences in teenagers; (2) Explanation of neuroplasticity, emphasizing the potential for changes in the brain and modification of emotions during adolescence; (3) Scientific evidence for the effect of emotion regulation training on mood improvement; (4) Brief factual quizzes and written summary of key points; (5) Scenarios in which older youth describe challenging situations when they used growth mindsets to help regulate negative emotions; and (6) Self-persuasion exercise: a. Girls read a hypothetical scenario about an emotional challenge and describe their likely thoughts and feelings; b. Girls imagine the same event happening to another (younger) teen and help them understand how they can change, integrating what they learned about malleability of the brain and emotion.

Control condition: The control condition involves a structurally similar session, with the same number and type of reading and writing activities, that focuses on general education about the brain.

Social stressor. Using an adapted version of the Trier Social Stressor Test, girls will prepare a speech in which they convince a group of peers (who ostensibly will watch a video of the speech; in reality, there are no peers) that they should be selected for a fictional TV show about teens' ability to form friendships. Girls face a computer screen displaying their image while preparing and presenting a speech. At intervals of 20 seconds, a female evaluator will mark a clipboard. Before and after the Trier, girls will rate several dimensions of state negative affect. After the Trier, girls will rate their use of in vivo emotion regulation strategies.

Girls will then undergo scanner training and watch a neutral video during an anatomical scan.

Emotional challenge (Social Evaluation Task). Girls will watch validated videos created for functional magnetic resonance imaging, which depict females making one of three types of statements with matching affective expression: negative social-evaluative, positive social-evaluative, or neutral. Before each video, girls will receive a prompt instructing them to imagine how they would feel if the female were a friend and if the statement was directed either toward the participant (immerse), or toward a stranger (reframe). After the cue, there will be a pause, presentation of the video, and another pause. After each trial, the participant will rate how bad they feel on a 5-point scale.

Resting state. Following the emotional challenge, girls will remain still and fixate on a central cross. Greater ability to flexibly engage and disengage emotion regulation in response to changing external challenges (imposed by negative, positive, and neutral videos) is expected to be reflected in the functional connectome for minutes beyond the emotional challenge task, resulting in more within-network connectivity in cognitive control networks as well as increased connectivity with emotion regions in girls engaged in proactive emotion regulation.

Emotional go-nogo. This task combines a cognitive control task (go-nogo) with emotion distractors depicting negative (social rejection), positive (social acceptance), or neutral (scrambled) images taken from a validated set of stimuli. Letters are presented sequentially in a small box at the center of the screen, with emotion distractors in the background. The distractors are presented alone , prior to presentation of the letter, to make it difficult to ignore the emotional content. Girls are instructed to ignore the images and respond as quickly as possible without sacrificing accuracy with a button press to every letter (go trials), except for Xs (no-go; 25 percent of trials). Girls acquire a prepotent tendency to press and must inhibit their responses during X trials.

Edited June 2020:

Anticipated 75% and 100% enrollment dates as well as primary and final study completion dates and primary endpoint analyses and reporting of results were changed due to recruitment and data collection obstacles posed by the coronavirus pandemic. The new dates were estimated based on the assumption that some recruitment and data collection will resume in the fall of 2020. If this is not possible or if families are reluctant to complete sessions, completion dates may need to be changed again at a later date.

• Behavioral: Growth Mindset
  Growth emotion mindset induction
• Behavioral: Control
  Brain education

• Experimental: Growth Mindset
  Persuasive education about emotions, brain development, and teenagers' ability to learn how to manage emotions
  Intervention: Behavioral: Growth Mindset
• Active Comparator: Brain Education
  Neutral education about functions of different parts of the brain
  Intervention: Behavioral: Control

Inclusion Criteria:

• Female age 13-18 years old
• Over-sample (approximately 1/3 of sample) for score >= .75 SD on a screening measure of fixed mindset about emotion
• English-speaking
• Ability to independently complete tasks and measures

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of surgery involving metal implants
• Possible metal fragments in the eyes or other parts of body
• Pacemaker
• A history of claustrophobia
• Braces
• Weighing over 250 pounds
• Pregnancy or possibility of being pregnant
• Severe medical conditions (e.g., blind or deaf, head trauma)
• Learning disability or other condition that interferes with ability to complete tasks