• Change from baseline brain structure measures at 3 months and 12months [ Time Frame: baseline (before dialysis initiation), hemodialysis for 3 months and 12 months ]
  The changes of brain volume (mm3) are evaluated by structural MRI
• Change from baseline brain function measures at 3 months and 12months [ Time Frame: baseline (before dialysis initiation), hemodialysis for 3 months and 12 months ]
  The changes of brain functional connectivity intensity are evaluated by functional MRI

• Changes from baseline cognitive condition at 3 months and 12months [ Time Frame: baseline (before dialysis initiation), hemodialysis for 3 months and 12 months ]
  The cognitive condition is assessed by Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA). The MoCA assesses several cognitive domains: 1) visuospatial and executive abilities are assessed using a trail-making test B (1 point), clock-drawing task (3 points) and a cube copy (1 point); 2) naming is assessed with low-familiarity animals (3 points); 3) the short-term memory (5 points) involves two learning trials of five nouns; 4) attention are evaluated using a sustained attention task (1 point), a serial subtraction task (3 points), and digits forward and backward (1 point each); 5) language is assessed using a repetition of two syntactically complex sentences (2 points), and the verbal fluency task (1 point); 6) orientation to time and place is evaluated by asking the subject for the date and the city (6 points). The scale ranges is from 0 to 30, and score of 26 or over is considered to be normal. Subscales are summed to compute a total score, and higher values represent a better outcome.
• Changes from baseline depression condition at 3 months and 12months [ Time Frame: baseline (before dialysis initiation), hemodialysis for 3 months and 12 months ]
  The affective complaints are assessed by Beck depression inventory (BDI). The BDI is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory in the past week, for measuring the severity of depression. The BDI is composed of items relating to symptoms of depression such as hopelessness and irritability, cognitions such as guilt or feelings of being punished, as well as physical symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and lack of interest in sex. Each question had a set of at least four possible responses, ranging in intensity: (0) I do not feel sad; (1) I feel sad; (2) I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it; (3) I am so sad or unhappy that I can't stand it. When the test is scored, a value of 0 to 3 is assigned for each answer and then the total score is summed to be compared to a key to determine the depression's severity. The scale ranges is from 0 to 63, and the higher total scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms.
• Changes from baseline anxiety condition at 3 months and 12months [ Time Frame: baseline (before dialysis initiation), hemodialysis for 3 months and 12 months ]
  The affective complaints are assessed by Beck anxiety inventory (BAI). The BAI is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory that is used for measuring the severity of anxiety in children and adults. The questions used in this measure ask about common symptoms of anxiety that the subject has had during the past week (including the day you take it) (such as numbness and tingling, sweating not due to heat, and fear of the worst happening). The BAI contains 21 questions, each answer being scored on a scale value of 1 (not at all) ,2 (mild), 3 (moderate), to 4 (severely). The scale ranges is from 21 to 84 , and higher total scores indicate more severe anxiety symptoms.
• Changes from baseline serum metabolomics at 3 months and 12months [ Time Frame: baseline (before dialysis initiation), hemodialysis for 3 months and 12 months ]
  The serum metabolomics are conducted by liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS), mainly including the molecules of uremic toxins.

• Changes from baseline cognitive condition at 3 months and 12months [ Time Frame: baseline (before dialysis initiation), hemodialysis for 3 months and 12 months ]
  The cognitive condition are assessed by Montreal cognitive assessment (score).
• Changes from baseline depression condition at 3 months and 12months [ Time Frame: baseline (before dialysis initiation), hemodialysis for 3 months and 12 months ]
  The affective complaints are assessed by Beck depression inventory (score).
• Changes from baseline anxiety condition at 3 months and 12months [ Time Frame: baseline (before dialysis initiation), hemodialysis for 3 months and 12 months ]
  The affective complaints are assessed by Beck anxiety inventory (score).
• Changes from baseline serum metabolomics at 3 months and 12months [ Time Frame: baseline (before dialysis initiation), hemodialysis for 3 months and 12 months ]
  The serum metabolomics are conducted by liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS), mainly including the molecules of uremic toxins.

• ESRD group
  Intervention: Device: magnetic resonance image (MRI)
• Control group
  Intervention: Device: magnetic resonance image (MRI)

Inclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosis with end stage renal disease before dialysis initiation
• Chronic renal failure
• Chronic renal failure
• 18-55 years old
• Right handedness

Exclusion Criteria:

• Concurrent severe infection
• With other severe diseases
• History of central nervous system diseases, such as mental disorder, degenerative diseases of central nervous system, tumors, trauma, etc.
• History of alcohol dependence and drug abuse
• History of brain operation
• Loss of vision or hearing
• Psychotropic medication in three months
• Contraindication of MRI examination, such as metal implants and claustrophobia, and other reasons that cannot cooperate with MRI examination
• Cerebrovascular diseases which can be detected from conventional MR images, including the size of cerebral hemorrhage over 10 mm, infarction over 20 mm, subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage and extradural hemorrhage.

• NO.215 Hospital of Shaanxi Nuclear Industry
• Baoji Zhongxin Hospital
• Taihe Hospital