• Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT) [ Time Frame: 1 day ]
  The EEfRT task is a behavioural paradigm that is used to investigate the subject's effort-based decision-making. Subjects are presented with a series of repeated trials wherein they must choose between performing a hard task or an easy task in order to receive monetary compensation (subject's will receive greater compensation for completing the hard task and less compensation for completing the easy task). By presenting the subject with different probability levels for reward receipt, the objective is to examine the extent to which the relationship between motivation (i.e., anhedonia) and effort-based decision-making is modulated by perceived reward magnitude.
• Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) Task [ Time Frame: 1 day ]
  The MID is a behavioural paradigm that assesses the basis of anticipation and consumption of reward and punishment. Each run of the MID task consists of approximately 72 trials. The types of cues presented include: circles (indicating the potential to win money i.e., gain cue), squares (indicating the potential to lose money i.e., loss cue), and a triangle (indicating no money will be won or lost i.e., neutral cue). A cue is presented for 500 ms, followed by a fixation cross (2,000 to 2,500 ms) and then the target square (160 to 260 ms), during which the participant is instructed to press a button as quickly as possible to win or avoid losing money. A feedback screen (1,650 ms), in which the top number indicates the amount of money won or lost during that trial, and the bottom number indicates the participant's total amount, is presented at the end of each trial.
• Probablistic Reward Task (PRT) [ Time Frame: 1 day ]
  The PRT is a behavioural paradigm that measures response bias and sensitivity to reward under variable conditions. In this task, a signal detection approach is used, whereby subjects must discriminate between two non-ambiguous stimuli displayed rapidly on a computer screen in order to receive a monetary reward. Unbeknownst to the subjects, correct identification of one stimulus is reinforced three times more frequently than the other stimulus. Under these experimental circumstances, healthy subjects reliably develop a response bias for the stimulus that is reinforced more frequently, regardless of which stimulus was actually presented. Thus, reward responsiveness assessed in this task reflects the rapid shaping of future behavioral choices based on prior reinforcement experiences.

Anhedonia and abnormalities in reward behavior are core features of overweight/obesity (OW), a highly prevalent condition within MDD populations, and is independently associated with reward disturbances. The investigators therefore aim to investigate the brain substrates subserving reward and motivation in adults with overweight/obesity.

The primary aim of this pilot study is to determine whether associations exist between obesity and decreased performance on the respective motivation/reward paradigms.

Herein, the investigators are primarily interested in three overlapping, yet distinct aspects, of anhedonia. The investigators are primarily interested in motivation, reward valuation, and reward learning towards addressing the measurement of each of these respective subdomains, eligible participants will complete validated gold standard measures (i.e. the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT) (reward valuation), Probabilistic Reward Task (PRT) (reward learning), and the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) task (reward anticipation)).

Twenty adults with overweight/obesity will complete all tasks at a single visit with two of the tasks being completed prior to MRI and one of the tasks (i.e. EEfRT) will be completed during MRI acquisition.

The primary aim of this pilot study is to determine whether associations exist between obesity and decreased performance on the respective motivation/reward paradigms. In addition, associations between performance on reward tasks and functional connectivity, as measured by MRI and DTI, a secondary objective is to ascertain whether associations exist between performance on the motivation reward tasks and gold standard measures of food intake (i.e. food diary) and energy expenditure (i.e. calorimetry).

• Anhedonia
• Obesity

Inclusion Criteria:

• 18-65 years of age
• Meeting DSM-V criteria for: (i) Major depressive disorder (symptomatic or asymptomatic in any phase of the illness) or (ii) bipolar disorder I/II (symptomatic or asymptomatic in any phase of the illness)
• Ability to provide written and informed consent
• Obesity 30 kg/m2
• Weight under 440lbs
• Shoulder-to-shoulder width under 60 cm

Exclusion Criteria:

• Age below 18 or above 65
• Use of benzodiazepines or consumption of alcohol within 12 hours of assessments
• Abuse of marijuana
• Physical, cognitive, or language impairments sufficient to adversely affect data derived from assessments
• Diagnosed reading disability or dyslexia
• Clinically significant learning disorder by history
• History of moderate or severe traumatic brain injury
• Other neurological disorders, or unstable systemic medical diseases
• Pregnancy and post-partum period
• Presence of any contra-indications for MRI
• Weight above 440lbs
• Shoulder-to-shoulder width greater than 60 cm.

All subjects will be consented prior to initiating the study; >45 BMI; suicidality as determined by clinical discretion