• Change in PTSD checklist-5 (PCL-5) [ Time Frame: repeated measures between baseline and 6 months post randomization ]
  PCL-5 is a 20-item self-report measures that have been widely used in military and civilian population to assess the severity of PTSD symptoms. A total symptom severity score (range 0-80) can be obtained by summing the scores from each of the 20 items that have response options from 0 "not at all" to 4 "extremely". Higher score indicates worse symptoms.
• Change in Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) [ Time Frame: repeated measures between baseline and 6 months post randomization ]
  The ISI is a 7-item patient-reported outcome assessing the severity of initial, middle, and late insomnia; sleep satisfaction; interference of insomnia with daytime functioning; noticeability of sleep problems by others; and distress about sleep difficulties. The 5 point scale provides a score ranging from 0 to 28 with higher scores indicating more severe insomnia.
• Change in Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) [ Time Frame: repeated measures between baseline and 6 months post randomization ]
  The BDI-II is a 21-item questionnaire in which respondents indicate on a four-point Likert-type scale (0=minimal to 3=severe) the presence and severity of depressive symptoms during the past 2 weeks. Items are scored on a 4-point scale ranging from 0 to 3, with higher scores indicating the presence of more depressive symptoms. The BDI-score ranges from 0 to 63. Higher scores indicate worse outcomes.

As many as 90% of Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) report nightmares and insomnia and even when nightmares are excluded, sleep disturbances are the most prevalent symptoms of PTSD with roughly 50%-70% of patients suffering from co-occurring sleep disorders. The typical sleep complaints include nightmares, distressed awakenings, nocturnal panic attacks, sleep terrors and insomnia.

While it has long been established that PTSD engenders sleep disturbances and averse clinical outcomes, current investigations indicate that disordered sleep is also a risk factor for the development of PTSD. In military personnel with combat exposure, comorbid insomnia and OSA, a condition originally labeled as "complex insomnia" has emerged as one of the most challenging sleep disorder to manage. In the presence of PTSD, the co-occurrence of OSA and insomnia is also associated with significant morbidity. Veterans with both PTSD and complex insomnia report more psychiatric symptoms, chronic pain, and higher rates of suicide. Further, these Veterans may have more difficulty adhering to CPAP because of increased awareness of the mask due to frequent awakenings and an inability to initiate or return to sleep with the mask in place. Fortunately, there are effective treatments for each of these sleep disorders. Traditional treatment models consist of treating OSA first, followed by adjunctive or concurrent treatment for insomnia only if the response to CPAP is deemed unsatisfactory. However, the suboptimal response observed in Veterans with PTSD from such an approach in terms of quality of life, PTSD symptoms, and CPAP adherence highlights the need to examine alternative modalities of treatment. At present, there are no general guidelines on the best strategy to treat complex insomnia in Veterans with PTSD. Prior studies have shown that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective for treating insomnia when compared with hypnotic agents.Whether combination therapy offers a therapeutic advantage over CBT alone for complex insomnia in Veterans with PTSD is yet to be determined. The objective of this proposal is to conduct a pragmatic, randomized, parallel clinical trial comparing the effectiveness of Brief Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in Military Veterans (BBTI-MV) plus eszopiclone, a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic, versus BBTI-MV alone in 52 combat-exposed Veterans with PTSD and OSA with coexisting insomnia on global sleep quality of life, PTSD symptoms, and CPAP adherence. The topic addresses several key areas of unmet needs for Veterans with PTSD and sleep disordered breathing. Among these are: 1) the association between complex insomnia and PTSD on global sleep quality of life; and 2) the effectiveness of combined treatment of CBT and eszopiclone versus CBT alone in improving sleep quality and PTSD symptoms; and 3) the impact of each treatment regimen on CPAP adherence. By establishing the most effective therapy in alleviating insomnia that complicates the presence of OSA in Veterans with PTSD, higher CPAP adherence will ultimately translate into improved cognitive function, enhanced quality of life, and suppression of PTSD symptoms. The long term benefit of this trial will also lead to opportunities for more personalized treatment including delivery method via mobile health technologies which will allow greater assimilation of results across several domains.

• Drug: eszopiclone
  Eszopiclone is a nonbenzodiazepine benzodiazepine receptor agonists, effective for both sleep onset insomnia and sleep maintenance insomnia
  Other Name: Lunesta
• Behavioral: Brief behavioral therapy for insomnia
  BBTI is based on the core principles that are fundamental to other empirically-supported behavioral treatments of insomnia delivered over four consecutive weeks.
  Other Name: BBTI

• Experimental: BBTI plus eszopiclone
  participants randomized to the combination therapy will receive eszopiclone 2 mg orally at bedtime or placebo starting with the BBTI sessions for a period of 2 weeks in combination with 4 sessions of BBTI over 4 weeks.
  Interventions:

  • Drug: eszopiclone
  • Behavioral: Brief behavioral therapy for insomnia
• Active Comparator: BBTI
  participants randomized to BBTI will receive 4 sessions of BBTI over 4 weeks.
  Intervention: Behavioral: Brief behavioral therapy for insomnia

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age >18 years and <65 years old
• Diagnosis of PTSD as determined by the intake conducted through the PTSD Clinic or the Mental Health Clinic
• Documented obstructive sleep apnea by polysomnography (AHI 5 or more/hour) who are non-adherent to CPAP as defined by device usage of less than 4 hours per night
• Chronic ( 3 months' duration) insomnia disorder
• Psychotherapeutic treatment stable for at least 4 weeks prior to randomization
• Capable of giving informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• Insomnia secondary to pain
• History of narcolepsy and/or cataplexy
• Treatment for seizure disorders
• Pregnant or lactating
• History of clinically significant hepatic impairment
• History of hypersensitivity, intolerance, or contraindication to eszopiclone
• Use of potent cytochrome p450 3A4 inhibitor medications (ritonavir, nelfinavir, indinavir, erythromycin, clarithromycin, troleandomycin, ketoconazole, itraconazole) and is unwilling or it is clinically contraindicated to stop the medication
• Unwilling to try or use CPAP
• Diagnosis of current schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder
• Diagnosis of a substance dependence/abuse disorder in the past year
• History of complex nocturnal behaviors while using eszopiclone
• Severe psychiatric instability or severe situational life crises, including evidence of being actively suicidal or homicidal, or any behavior which poses an immediate danger to patient or others
• Diagnosis of bipolar disorder
• Consumption of more than two alcoholic beverages per night
• Documented or self-reported resolution of insomnia from current behavioral or pharmacological treatment of insomnia