• Rate of microbiological documentation of ACS [ Time Frame: Day 28 ]
• Transfer to ICU at 28 days (D28) after the diagnosis of ACS between the two [ Time Frame: Day 28 ]
• Survival at 28 days [ Time Frame: Day 28 ]
• occurrence of a secondary bacterial respiratory infection or any other secondary infection at 28 days [ Time Frame: Day 28 ]
• Global utilization of antibiotics at 28 days [ Time Frame: Day 28 ]
• Time before clinical stability at 28 days [ Time Frame: Day 28 ]
• transfusion and exchange transfusion at 28 days [ Time Frame: Day 28 ]
• ICU and hospital lengths of stay [ Time Frame: Day 28 ]
• Readmission rate in hospital at 28 days [ Time Frame: Day 28 ]

• Rate of microbiological documentation of ACS [ Time Frame: Day 28 ]
• Transfer to ICU at 28 days (D28) after the diagnosis of ACS between the two [ Time Frame: Day 28 ]
• Survival at 28 days [ Time Frame: Day 28 ]
• occurrence of a secondary bacterial respiratory infection or any other secondary infection at 28 days [ Time Frame: Day 28 ]
• Global utilization of antibiotics at 28 days [ Time Frame: Day 28 ]
• Time before clinical stability at 28 days [ Time Frame: Day 28 ]
• transfusion and exchange transfusion at 28 days [ Time Frame: Day 28 ]
• Amount of morphine given to patients at 28 days [ Time Frame: Day 28 ]
• ICU and hospital lengths of stay [ Time Frame: Day 28 ]
• Readmission rate in hospital at 28 days [ Time Frame: Day 28 ]

Many patients with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) may develop Acute Chest Syndrome (ACS). ACS is usually caused by a Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) which may be caused by either a bacterium or a virus. Antibiotics are usually used for 7 to 10 days with no microbiological workup.

The hypothesize of the study is that the identification of the microorganisms might lead to a reduction of antibiotics exposure and a better care of the patients.

We speculate that an early pathogen-directed strategy (respiratory broad panel multiplex PCR and early antibiotics interruption based on the PCT values decrease) might reduce the antibiotics exposure in SCD patients with ACS who are hospitalized and for whom an antibiotic treatment is indicated, as compared with usual care

Acute Chest Syndrome (ACS) is a frequent and severe acute complication of sickle-cell disease. It may affect 10 to 20% of hospitalized patients and is the leading cause of death. The symptoms combine a new pulmonary infiltrate and symptom(s) among fever, cough, dyspnea, expectoration, chest pain and crackles. The pathophysiology of ACS is complex and there are many interlinked aetiologies.

Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is one of the most frequent aetiologies of ACS. Intracellular bacteria (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma), respiratory virus (especially respiratory syncytial virus) and pyogenes (Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus) are the most frequently identified microorganisms. Nevertheless, the clinical presentation of ACS is not helpful for the diagnosis of LRTI; the respiratory tract samples are not always collected, either because the patients do not expectorate or because the benefice-risk ratio of a fiberoptic bronchoscopy may be not advantageous. Moreover, usual diagnostic test are not enough performant.

The current practices rely on the systematic administration of antibiotics for 7 to 10 days. The efficacy and security of alternative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies have never been evaluated in controlled clinical trial to cure ACS.

In this context, the optimisation of the microbiological documentation of ACS might enhance the use of antimicrobial drugs, reduce their duration, and limit the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria.

Therefore, we speculate that an early pathogen-directed strategy (respiratory broad panel multiplex PCR and early antibiotics interruption based on the PCT values decrease) might reduce the antibiotics exposure in SCD patients with ACS who are hospitalized and for whom an antibiotic treatment is indicated, as compared with usual care.

• Acute Chest Syndrome
• Sickle Cell Disease

• Procedure: Intervention: Combined use of a respiratory broad panel multiplex PCR and procalcitonin
  The actions or procedures added by the research are the realization of a nasopharyngeal swab in the two strategies, and the PCT assay at D1, D3 and D7 in the pathogen-directed strategy
• Procedure: Control: usual antibiotic treatment
  usual antibiotic treatment

• Control
  usual antibiotic treatment
  Intervention: Procedure: Control: usual antibiotic treatment
• Experimental: Intervention
  targeted antibiotic treatment according to the results of PCR multiplex
  Intervention: Procedure: Intervention: Combined use of a respiratory broad panel multiplex PCR and procalcitonin

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age ≥ 18 years
• Sickle Cell Disease patients with ACS with an antibiotic therapy indication
• Signed and informed consent
• Affiliated with social security

Exclusion Criteria:

Documented extra-pulmonary bacterial infection at the time of inclusion;

• Patients who received antibiotics for more than 24 hours before the diagnosis of ACS (during the primary hospitalization)
• Known severe immunosuppression (AIDS, neutropenia (<1000 PNN), hematology, solid tumor under chemotherapy, transplanted organ); long-term treatment with hydroxy-carbamide is not considered
• Pregnant or lactating women;
• Person deprived of liberty or under legal protection;
• Participation in another interventional study of type Jardé 1