• Maximally Tolerated Dose [ Time Frame: Up to 21 days ]
• Objective Response Rate (ORR) [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
  Objective response rate (ORR) by RECIST 1.1 criteria in patients treated with abexinostat in combination with (CPI) immune checkpoint inhibition in patients with prior primary or acquired resistance to prior CPI treatment.

• Immune-modified ORR [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
  Objective response rate (ORR) by iRECIST. The criteria are identical to those of RECIST 1.1 but have been adapted to account for instances where an increase in tumor burden, or the appearance of new lesions, does not reflect true tumor progression. Immuno response evaluation criteria in solid tumours (iRECIST) requires the confirmation of progression and uses the terms unconfirmed progression (iUPD) and confirmed progression (iCPD).
• Median Duration of Response (DoR) [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
  The duration of overall response is measured from the time measurement criteria are met for complete response (CR) or partial response (PR), whichever is first recorded, until the first date that recurrent or progressive disease is objectively documented.
• Median DoR per iRECIST [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
  The duration of overall response is measured from the time measurement criteria are met for CR (complete response) or PR (partial response), whichever is first recorded, until the first date that recurrent or progressive disease is objectively documented. The criteria are identical to those of RECIST 1.1 but have been adapted to account for instances where an increase in tumor burden, or the appearance of new lesions, does not reflect true tumor progression. iRECIST requires the confirmation of progression and uses the terms iUPD (unconfirmed progression) and iCPD (confirmed progression).
• Median Progression-Free Survival (PFS) [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
  PFS is defined as the time from the date of initiation of study treatment to the date measurement criteria are first met for radiographic PD or death from any cause, whichever occurs first.
• Incidence of Adverse Events (AE) [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
  The incidences and percentages of patients experiencing each AE preferred term will be summarized by NCI-CTCAE version 4.03 grade.

• Immune-modified ORR [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
  Objective response rate (ORR) by iRECIST. The criteria are identical to those of RECIST 1.1 but have been adapted to account for instances where an increase in tumor burden, or the appearance of new lesions, does not reflect true tumor progression. iRECIST requires the confirmation of progression and uses the terms iUPD (unconfirmed progression) and iCPD (confirmed progression).
• Median Duration of Response (DoR) [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
  The duration of overall response is measured from the time measurement criteria are met for CR (complete response) or PR (partial response), whichever is first recorded, until the first date that recurrent or progressive disease is objectively documented.
• Median DoR per iRECIST [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
  The duration of overall response is measured from the time measurement criteria are met for CR (complete response) or PR (partial response), whichever is first recorded, until the first date that recurrent or progressive disease is objectively documented. The criteria are identical to those of RECIST 1.1 but have been adapted to account for instances where an increase in tumor burden, or the appearance of new lesions, does not reflect true tumor progression. iRECIST requires the confirmation of progression and uses the terms iUPD (unconfirmed progression) and iCPD (confirmed progression).
• Median Progression-Free Survival (PFS) [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
  PFS is defined as the time from the date of initiation of study treatment to the date measurement criteria are first met for radiographic PD or death from any cause, whichever occurs first.
• Incidence of Adverse Events (AE) [ Time Frame: Up to 2 years ]
  The incidences and percentages of patients experiencing each AE preferred term will be summarized by NCI-CTCAE version 4.03 grade.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To determine the maximally tolerated and recommended phase 2 dose of abexinostat in combination with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitor (CPI). (Dose escalation)

II. To determine the objective response rate (ORR) by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 criteria in patients treated with abexinostat in combination with CPI in patients with prior primary (cohort A) or acquired (cohort B) resistance to prior CPI treatment. (Dose expansion)

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To determine the objective response rate and median duration of response (DoR) by immune modified (i)RECIST criteria.

II. To determine the median progression-free survival (PFS).

III. To further characterize the safety profile of the treatment combination.

OUTLINE: This is a dose-escalation study of abexinostat.

Participants receive abexinostat orally (PO) twice daily (BID) on days 1-21 and pembrolizumab intravenously (IV) on over 30 minutes day 1. Courses repeat every 21 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

After completion of study treatment, participants are followed up for 90 days.

• Stage III Cutaneous Melanoma
• Stage IV Cutaneous Melanoma
• Locally Advanced Melanoma
• Locally Advanced Solid Neoplasm
• Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• Metastatic Malignant Solid Neoplasm
• Metastatic Melanoma
• Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma
• Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
• Stage IB Lung Cancer AJCC v7
• Stage III Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck AJCC v8
• Stage III Lung Cancer AJCC v8
• Stage III Ureter Cancer AJCC v8
• Stage IIIA Lung Cancer AJCC v8
• Stage IIIB Lung Cancer AJCC v8
• Stage IIIC Lung Cancer AJCC v8
• Stage IV Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck AJCC v8
• Stage IV Lung Cancer AJCC v8
• Stage IV Ureter Cancer AJCC v8
• Stage IVA Lung Cancer AJCC v8
• Stage IVB Lung Cancer AJCC v8

• Drug: Abexinostat

  Dose Level

  -1: 20 mg/m2 PO BID days 1-4, 8-11 of every 21 day cycle

  1. 30 mg/m2 PO BID days 1-4, 8-11 of every 21 day cycle
  2. 45 mg/m2 PO BID days 1-4, 8-11 of every 21 day cycle
• Biological: Pembrolizumab
  200 mg IV on day 1 of every 21 day cycle

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patient >= 18 years of age at the time of study enrollment.

• Has histologically confirmed locally advanced or metastatic solid tumor malignancy with one of the following tumor types:

  • Urothelial carcinoma
  • Melanoma
  • Non-small cell lung cancer
  • Small cell lung cancer
  • Non-pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma
  • Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
  • MSI-high solid tumor, with MSI-high status defined by microsatellite instability testing by PCR, loss of mismatch repair proteins by IHC, or CLIA-approved next generation sequencing test
  • Gastric and gastro-esophageal junction adenocarcinoma
  • Merkel cell carcinoma
  • Thymic carcinoma
  • Mesothelioma
• Measurable disease by RECIST 1.1 criteria.

• Dose Expansion only:

  • Disease progression during or within 3 months of last dose of most recent line of prior antiPD-1/PD-L1-based treatment with a pattern of progression as defined as one of the following:

    • Primary Resistance (Cohort A): Progressive disease as best response to prior treatment with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment
    • Acquired Resistance (Cohort B): Stable disease, partial response or complete response to prior anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment with subsequent disease progression during or within 3 months following last dose of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment

  • A tumor biopsy is mandatory unless

    • There is no safely accessible lesion, OR
    • Archival metastatic tumor tissue is available with sufficient quantity that was obtained following the last dose of most recent systemic therapy.
• Has Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0-2.

• Has adequate baseline organ function, as demonstrated by the following:

  • Serum creatinine =< 1.5 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN) or calculated creatinine clearance > 50 mL/min
  • Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN)
  • Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) =< 2.5 x institutional ULN (patients with hepatic metastases must have AST/ALT =< 5 x ULN).
  • Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >= 1.5 x 10^9/L.
  • Hemoglobin >= 8 g/dL.
  • Platelet count >= 75 x 10^9/L.
• Agrees to use acceptable contraceptive methods for the duration of time on the study, and continue to use acceptable contraceptive methods for 6 months (after the last treatment with study treatment.
• Has provided signed informed consent before initiation of any study-specific procedures or treatment.
• Men treated or enrolled on this protocol must agree to use adequate contraception the duration of study participation and 3 months after completion of study drug administration.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Has persistent clinically significant toxicities (grade >= 2; per National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI CTCAE) version 4.03) from previous anticancer therapy (excluding alopecia which is permitted and excluding grades 2 and 3 laboratory abnormalities if they are not associated with symptoms, are not considered clinically significant by the Investigator, and can be managed with available medical therapies).
• Has a history of (non-infectious) pneumonitis/interstitial lung disease that required steroids or current pneumonitis/ interstitial lung disease
• Has a diagnosis of clinically significant immunodeficiency.
• Has received external-beam radiation or another systemic anticancer therapy within 14 days or 5 half-lives (whichever is shorter) before start of study treatment.
• Has received treatment with an investigational drug or monoclonal antibody within 28 days prior to study treatment administration. For classes of investigational agents that are not known to have prolonged toxicities, the washout time may be decreased to 14 days at the discretion of the principal investigator.
• Has received previous treatment with a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor.
• Has an additional active malignancy that may confound the assessment of the study endpoints. Patients with the following concomitant neoplastic diagnoses are eligible: nonmelanoma skin cancer and carcinoma in situ including transitional cell carcinoma, anal carcinoma, and melanoma in situ).

• Has clinically significant cardiovascular disease including, but not limited to:

  • Uncontrolled or any New York Heart Association class 3 or 4 congestive heart failure
  • Uncontrolled angina, history of myocardial infarction, unstable angina or stroke within 6 months before study entry
  • Clinically significant arrhythmias not controlled by medication.

• Has a history of untreated brain, or leptomeningeal, metastases (central nervous system (CNS) imaging is not required before study entry unless there is a clinical suspicion of CNS involvement). Subjects with previously treated brain metastases may participate provided:

  • They are stable (without evidence of progression by imaging for at least four weeks and any neurologic symptoms have returned to baseline)
  • They have no evidence of new or enlarging brain metastases (confirmed by imaging within 28 days of the first dose of study drug)
  • They are not using steroids for at least 7 days before the first dose of study drug.

This exception does not include leptomeningeal metastases, which is excluded regardless of clinical stability.

• Has a condition requiring systemic treatment with either corticosteroids (> 10 mg daily prednisone equivalents) or other immunosuppressive medications within 14 days before study treatment.

• Has uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to:

  • Uncontrolled infection
  • Disseminated intravascular coagulation
  • Psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements.
• Has known history positive status for human immunodeficiency virus or chronic active hepatitis B or hepatitis C (screening not required).
• Has any medical condition which in the opinion of the Investigator places the patient at an unacceptably high risk for toxicities.
• Use of prohibited medication within 7 days or 5 half-lives, whichever is shorter, prior to first dose of study drug